The term ―episodic memory‖ was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al.
developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event ―bound‖ together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of ―what,‖ ―where,‖ and ―when‖ information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term ―episodic-like‖ memory.
8. According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they(信息题)
A. showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past
B. used information acquired through past experiences
C. assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays
D. remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E. recollected single bits of information about sources of food
9. It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that(信息题)
A. the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
B. the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
C. Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory
D. Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
E. Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories
10. In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment? (改善题)
A. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B. All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C. The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E. Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.
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