1.(Z) Ecologists: the Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs. The common view is that the Highland’s deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture. However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago. Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1000 years, and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depth great than four feet. Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 years and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.
In the ecologist’s argument, the two portions in boldfaces play which of the following roles?
A.The first is evidence that has been used in support of a position that the argument rejects; the second is a finding that the ecologist uses to counter the evidence.
B.The first is evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position
C.The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second is evidence that has been used in support of that position.
D.The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second provides evidence in support of that rejection.
E.The first is a position for which the ecologist argues; the second provides evidence to support that position.
2.(Z) Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property. In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city. Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes. The critics are correct on this point. Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more. In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.
In the argument given, the two potions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.The first presents a plan that the argument seeks to defend against a certain criticism; the second gives part of the basis for that criticism.
B.The first presents a plan that the argument seeks to defend against a certain criticism; the second gives part of the basis for that defense.
C.The first presents a plan that the argument criticizes; the second is a consideration raised by the argument in support of that criticism.
D.The first presents a plan that the argument criticizes; the second presents a consideration that has been raised against that criticism.
E.The first presents a plan whose consequences the argument seeks to evaluate; the second is presented by the argument as one likely consequence that is undesirable.
正确答案：B B
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