1.(Z)Business Consultant: some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy. Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses. The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.
In the consultant’s reasoning, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.The first presents an obstacle to achieving a certain goal; the second presents a reason for considering that goal to be undesirable.
B.The first is a consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy; the second presents a reason against adopting that strategy.
C.The first describes a concern that the consultant dismisses as insignificant; the second is a consideration that serves as the basis for that dismissal.
D.The first is a belief for which the consultant offers support; the second is part of that support.
E.The first is a belief against which evidence is offered; the second is part of the evidence offered against that belief.
2.(Z)Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientists’ entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A.The first is the position that the argument as a whole depends; the second is evidence that is advanced as part of that evidence.
B.The first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes.
C.The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.
D.The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends.
E.The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge that explanation.
正确答案：B C
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