1. Inspection system X and inspection system Y, though based on different principles, each detect all product flaws but they each also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products. Since false rejections are very costly, money will be saved by installing both systems, instead of either one or the other, and rejecting only products found flawed by both.
The argument above requires which of the following assumption?
(A) The three percent of flawless products that system X rejects are not all the same products, piece for piece, that system Y erroneously rejects.
(B) It is less costly to accept a flawed product than to reject a flawless one.
(C) In their price range, system as X and Y are the least error-prone inspection systems on the market.
(D) Whichever system performs the second inspection needs to inspect only products not rejected by the first system.
(E) Any way of detecting flaws, other than by using either system X or system Y, requires complete disassembly of the products.
2. Statistics over four consecutive years showed that four percent more automobile accidents happened in California during the week following the switch to daylight saving time and during the week following the switch back to standard time than occurred the week before each event. These statistics show that these time changes adversely affect the alertness of California drivers.
The conclusion in the argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Drivers in California as well as those in the rest of the United States have similar driving patterns.
(B) The observed increases in accident rates are due almost entirely to an increase in the number of minor accidents.
(C) Four years is not a sufficiently long period of time over which to judge the phenomenon described.
(D) There are no other factors such as school vacations or holiday celebrations that cause accident rates to rise during these weeks.
(E) A time change at any other time of year would not produce a similar increase in accident
3(Z). Until mow, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.
B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectable vaccines do.
C. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
E. The nasal spray vaccine is mot effective when administered to adults.
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