1. When people evade income taxes by not declaring taxable income, a vicious cycle results. Tax evasion forces lawmakers to raise income tax rates, which causes the tax burden on nonevading taxpayers to become heavier. This, in turn, encourages even more taxpayers to evade income taxes by hiding taxable income.
The vicious cycle described above could not result unless which of the following were true?
(A) An increase in tax rates tends to function as an incentive for taxpayers to try to increase their pretax incomes.
(B) Some methods for detecting tax evaders, and thus recovering some tax revenue lost through evasion, bring in more than they cost, but their success rate varies from years to year.
(C) When lawmakers establish income tax rates in order to generate a certain level of revenue, they do not allow adequately for revenue that will be lost through evasion.
(D) No one who routinely hides some taxable income can be induced by a lowering of tax rates to stop hiding such income unless fines for evaders are raised at the same time.
(E) Taxpayers do not differ from each other with respect to the rate of taxation that will cause them to evade taxes.
2. In the 1960’s long-term studies of primate behavior often used as subjects tamaris, small monkeys that were thought ideal because they require only small cages, breed frequently, and grow quickly. Field studies were not used because they were costly and difficult. Tamarinds were kept caged in male-female pairs, because otherwise, serious fights erupted between unrelated females. On the basis of the fact that breeding occurred, tamarinds were viewed as monogamous.
The view taken by the researchers concerning the monogamy of tamarinds deepened on a questionable assumption. Which of the following could have served as that assumption?
(A) The suppression of fighting between related females serves to protect their common genetic inheritance.
(B) Adult male tamarinds contribute to the care of tamarind infants.
(C) The social system of tamarinds requires monogamous pairing.
(D) Male tamarind monkeys do not display aggressive behavior in the wild.
(E) The way the tamarinds were kept in cages did not affect their mating behavior.
3. Twenty percent of all energy consumed in the United States is consumed by home appliances. If appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available are produced, this figure will eventually be reduced to about ten percent.
The argument above requires which of the following assumption?
(A) Home-appliance usage would not increase along with the energy efficiency of the appliances.
(B) It would not be expensive to produce home appliances that are energy-efficient.
(C) Home-appliance manufacturers now have the technology to produce appliances that are twice as energy-efficient as those currently available.
(D) The cost of energy to the consumer world rise with increase in the energy efficiency of home appliances.
(E) The percentage of energy consumed by home appliances will increase if existing appliances are not replaced by more energy-efficient models.
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