北京新东方GMAT语法教师周谢慧在此和大家讲讲GMAT语法中逗号怎么用的问题，帮助各位了解如何正确做GMAT句子改错题。
1. 前置修饰语的停顿形式化描述：M, S V O.
备注：M是修饰语，SVO是主谓宾，下同。其中该逗号可加可不加，看修饰语的长短。
例句1(加逗号) In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such level that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.
例句2(不加逗号) In the 1960’s long-term studies of primate behavior often used as subjects tamaris.
2. 插入语形式化描述：S, ,V O.
备注：插在修饰对象和平行对象之间。
例句1 Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars.
例句2 Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.
3. 句尾的修饰语形式化描述：S V O, M.
备注：起到对前面句子或名词的补充。
例句 Dr.Tonegawa won the Nobel Prize for discovering how the body canconstantly change its genes to fashion a seemingly unlimited number of antibodies, each targeted specifically at an invading microbe or foreign substance.
4. 并列句或主从复合句子句之间的停顿形式化描述：S V, and S V.
备注：逗号并不是必须的，看子句的长短。
例句1(加逗号) Although a surge in retail sales has raised hopes that a recovery is finally under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.
例句2 (不加逗号) If one arm is lost it is quickly replaced.
5. 三者平行形式化描述：A, B, and C
备注：三者平行and前的逗号一般不省，如果省略也不算错。
例句1 The report recommended that the hospital eliminate unneeded beds, consolidate expensive services, and use space in other hospitals.
例句2 Authoritative parents are more likely than permissive parents to have children who as adolescents are self-confident, high in self-esteem, and responsibly independent.
6. 特殊的两者平行形式化描述：A, and B
备注：当A非常长的时候，有时候会出现两者之间平行有逗号。
例句 Motion picture industry representatives said that there were about a million copies of Hollywood movies available online, and that they expected piracy to increaseas high-speed Internet connections became more widely available.
7. 递进解释形式化描述：S V O, M1, M2.
备注：M1修饰O，M2修饰M1里面的名词，形成递进解释关系。
例句 Construction of the Roman Colosseum began in A.D.69 and was completed a decade later, during the reign of Titus, who opened the Colosseum with a one-hundred-day cycle.
8. 省市在句中形式化描述：S 介词C, P, V O.
备注：通常地名在解释名词，省市在句中，省后面也加逗号。
例句 The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook.
9. 两个形容词修饰名词形式化描述：M, M N.
备注：英文中两个形容词可以用逗号隔开一起修饰名词。
例句 In many cases they change direction toward the east before dissipating over the colder, more northerly waters or overland.
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