今天北京新东方张桐瑶老师为大家带来GMAT逻辑备考的相关内容,希望对大家备战GMAT逻辑有所帮助。
GMAT逻辑(Critical Reasoning)对很多考生来说可能是第一次接触的一类题目。如果你此前有参加过GRE或者LSAT考试,还有可能接触过这个critical reasoning,否则应该是全新的题型。这类题目主要是考察大家的逻辑思维能力,看看是否能够达到之后就读研究生院的水平。
GMAT逻辑可以分为Critical thinking和reasoning两个部分。根据Critical thinking这本书对批判性思维的定义:
–Critical thinking is the careful application of the reason in the determination of whether a claim is true.
Reasoning就是用前提得到结论的推理过程。不仅要理解文章合理性的推理成分,还要去思考文章在推理过程中出现的不严谨的地方。在观察和修正不严谨的过程中,使论述变得更加合理。
critical reasoning和大学中所学的Logical还是有些区别。CR更多是基于日常生活逻辑的商科运用,通过三个例子咱们来简单理解一下:
例1:你为什么考GMAT?
很多人同学可能会回答:因为我要出国读研。这个回答可能在同学们看来没有什么不妥,完全能够理解其中的逻辑。但对商科研究生申请不了解的人,看了这句就未必能理解其中的因果关系。在我们的日常生活中,经常会有含蓄的表达,“你懂的”。但在学术推理中,我们要追求严谨。
所以应对GMAT逻辑第一条需要注意的是:尽量减少生活常识的过多使用。
例2:全北京的交通得到了改善,于是我们家门口的那条路就不再堵车了。
这句话有哪些逻辑问题呢?首先,我家不一定在北京。其次,交通得到改善不一定意味着不堵车,可能是堵车时间变短了。除此以外,还有一点我们在生活中经常用到但却不严谨的逻辑:文中的全北京是比较general的一个大范围,而我家门前的那条路是很specific的一个小部分,那么由大推小的时候很容易出现不适用的情况。在我们的生活中,这样的类比时刻都有,从大范围到小范围,从小范围到大范围,还有不同时间地点的类比。大家经常出现的一种错误就是类比双方不具有可比性。
GMAT逻辑第二条基本原则:尽量保持讨论范围的一致性。
例3:哥们180cm,140斤,工作后变得很胖。姐们说:你看我现在胖的,死的心有了。哥们说:别瞎说,你还没我胖呢。
为什么这哥们劝完,姐们想死的心更明确了?哥们话语中的比较对象是自己,“没我胖”并不等于瘦,而姐们想听到的是“瘦“的评价。
GMAT逻辑第三条基本原则:区分绝对概念和相对概念。
这三条原则贯穿GMAT逻辑考试的始终。
•Critical reasoning questions are designed to test the reasoning skills involved in (1) making arguments, (2) evaluating arguments, and (3) formulating or evaluating a plan of action.
下面根据OG13的具体要求,了解GR需要我们拥有哪些题型:Argument(前提->结论)
削弱:朝文章结论反方向努力(-)
加强:朝文章结论的额正方向努力(+)
假设:必要条件(+)
评价:找到一个关键问题(+/-)
这四类是GMAT逻辑的基础题型。此外还有:
归纳:找结论
解释:找解释(另一种结论)
填空:其他题型变体
句子作用:功能题,针对文章结构
这是在GMAT逻辑中考生会遇到的八种题型。
•文章:
In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand. Teruvia’s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. Teruvia’s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.
•问题:
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
•选项:
A. No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.
B. Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice.
C. None of the strains of rice grown in Teruvia are exceptionally high-yielding
D. There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase.
E. There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.
GMAT逻辑错题原因
1、词汇量不足:GMAT考试不是语言考试,托福词汇量已经足够满足
2、长难句阅读困难:推荐《GRE长难句图解与精练》
3、文章逻辑不理解:以反推的形式来理解每句话的关系
4、正确选项不理解;错误选项混淆
前两点可以通过词汇和长难句书来提高,而后两个需要分析大量的GMAT题目来训练。
GMAT逻辑题目最近变化趋势
1、解释题填空题比例增加:8-11题会碰到4、5题
2、削弱题假设题比例减少:2、3道题。变少并不代表不重要,这两种题是后面几种题型的基础。
3、因果倒置选项越来越重要,具体看下面这道题目:
A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.
Which of the following, if true, most weakens the argument?
A.Participants who were depressed at the start of the study were more likely to be smokers after one year than those who were not depressed.
B.The study did not distinguish between participants who smoked only occasionally and those who were heavy smokers.
C.Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants.
D.Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.
E.The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.
想要削弱因果关系,有以下几种常规选项:
1、他因削弱
2、因果倒置
3、反例
本道题正确答案应该选A,典型的因果倒置削弱。因果倒置之所以可以削弱,是把文章原有的逻辑关系进行了全盘否定。
最近的机经中,因果倒置的题目出现的比例越来越高,并且更加复杂,需要引起大家的足够重视。
题目做多了你会发现,假设、加强、评价是完全以削弱为基础,只要是削弱中可以出现的选项,都可以出现在其他三种题型中,只是出现的形式会有些改变。
近期出现的一道因果倒置机经
GMAT最新点题班
1、取消面授,全部线上课程
2、手机软件实时观看(不支持iPad)
扫码安装“我学”应用
注册报名
最新机经实时更新
视频讲解 清晰易懂
依据考试时间自由选择
GMAT最新模考班
1、本月更新机经原文
2、考试环境全真
3、错误分析全真
4、老师全科讲解
最新热文推荐:
更多精彩内容尽在新东方网GMAT频道,同时也可关注我们的微信平台(微信号:newgmat)
(责任编辑:马荟)